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Despite some evidence for positive correlation between blood and lip tissue DNA methylation (Alvizi et al., 2017; Howe et al., 2018b), the extent to which blood is a suitable proxy is unknown. 46, 753758. Proc. Cherokee Assessment and judgment of the face and body can be traced back to the ancient Greeks and Egyptians when mathematical methods such as Fibonacci series and the golden proportion (1:1.618) were applied to art and architecture as a method of defining attractiveness and beauty (Ricketts, 1982). Copyright 2018 Richmond, Howe, Lewis, Stergiakouli and Zhurov. Contrastingly, previous estimates suggest that antero-posterior face height, mandibular body length, ramus height, upper vermillion height, nasal width and maxillary protrusion are more strongly influenced by environmental factors (Jelenkovic et al., 2010; Djordjevic et al., 2016; Sidlauskas et al., 2016; Cole et al., 2017; Tsagkrasoulis et al., 2017). The GWAS studies have provided insights into the genetic influences on facial shape. Genet. doi: 10.1111/j.1601-6343.2009.01462.x, Weiner, J. S. (1954). Even with relatively long acquisition times for some photogrammetric, MRI, CT, and CBCT systems, facial landmark reliability of less than 0.5 mm can be achieved (Kau et al., 2005, 2007; Liu et al., 2012). Facial morphology refers to a series of many different complex traits, each influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Rev. 2003. Standardized clinical facial charts/tables/measures are routinely used for newborns (e.g., head circumference, body length) and other specialties such as, ophthalmology and orthodontics. Breast 16, 137145. Kau, C. H., Richmond, S., Zhurov, A. I., Knox, J., Chestnutt, I., Hartles, F., et al. There are words each language use for their own, like wee for the Scottish and aye for the Irish. Proportionality in Asian and North American Caucasian faces using neoclassical facial canons as criteria. Forensic Sci. 101, 913924. Anthropol. Updated Clinical Guidelines for Diagnosing Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Lancet Oncol. (2014). doi: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2007.01.037, Kau, C. H., Richmond, S., Incrapera, A., English, J., and Xia, J. J. Genome-wide association meta-analysis of individuals of European ancestry identifies new loci explaining a substantial fraction of hair color variation and heritability. Irish people sure love their tea. (2009). J. Orthod. A previous orofacial cleft GWAS found no clear evidence for enrichment of tissue-specific signals, concluding that this may be attributable to a lack of suitable tissue types (Leslie et al., 2017). 50:414. doi: 10.1038/s41588-018-0057-4, Claes, P., Walters, M., and Clement, J. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.10.021, Sidlauskas, M., Salomskiene, L., Andriuskeviciute, I., Sidlauskiene, M., Labanauskas, Z., Vasiliauskas, A., et al. 9, 255266. http://preparetoserve.com Scottish accent vs Irish accent (funny). doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddt231, Field, Y., Boyle, E. A., Telis, N., Gao, Z., Gaulton, K. J., Golan, D., et al. Robinson, M. R., Kleinman, A., Graff, M., Vinkhuyzen, A. Kau, C. H., Richmond, S., Zhurov, A., Ovsenik, M., Tawfik, W., Borbely, P., et al. The long-term impact of folic acid in pregnancy on offspring DNA methylation: follow-up of the Aberdeen Folic Acid Supplementation Trial (AFAST). Vertical facial growth and statural growth in girls: a longitudinal comparison. Eur. U.S.A. 111, 48324837. 289, 4050. These transcriptional factors may be limited to detail the precise facial shape or can be quickly activated in rapid periods of growth and development. However, to date one study has indicated that maternal smoking may interact with the GRID2 and ELAVL2 genes resulting in cleft lip and palate (Beaty et al., 2013). Taste. 23, 44524464. Combined face-brain morphology and associated neurocognitive correlates in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Dentofacial Orthop. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 674685. doi: 10.1038/ng.3406, Bulik-Sullivan, B. K., Loh, P. R., Finucane, H. K., Ripke, S., and Yang, J. A., Couper, D., Miller, M. B., et al. Rev. Aust. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003375, Pickrell, J. K., Berisa, T., Liu, J. B., and Prahl-Andersen, B. Epigenet. Different genetic models, genotyping and imputation techniques have been employed and the between-study heterogeneity should be considered. doi: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.02.003, Keating, B., Bansal, A. T., Walsh, S., Millman, J., Newman, J., Kidd, K., et al. (2018). doi: 10.1097/MJT.0b013e3182583bd1, Jablonski, N. G., and Chaplin, G. (2000). Nat. What the Average Person Looks Like in Its a Use of 3-dimensional surface acquisition to study facial morphology in 5 populations. Comparison between breast volume measurement using 3D surface imaging and classical techniques. The first thing guests are offered when entering an Irish persons home is a cup of tea. Surgical procedures are not always simple as often in CL/P patients there is often insufficient tissues available (epidermis/dermis, cartilage and bone with disrupted orientation of muscle fibers). empire medical training membership. doi: 10.1242/dev.135434, Bulik-Sullivan, B., Finucane, H. K., Anttila, V., Gusev, A., Day, F. R., Loh, P. R., et al. Nat. doi: 10.1111/j.1601-6343.2008.00428.x, Toma, A. M., Zhurov, A. I., Playle, R., Marshall, D., Rosin, P. L., and Richmond, S. (2012). Hum. Acquiring as much information as possible in relation known genetic additive effects, environmental factors and previous medical histories of family members (Grandparents, parents and offspring) will provide further insights into facial relatedness. 15 facts about Irish skin Indeed, the last Habsburg King of Spain, Charles II, was reported to have had difficulties eating and speaking because of facial deformities. (1996). J. Neuroradiol. Genet. WebDiscover the Northern Irish accent. Orthod. 19:1192. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2011.110, Brinkley, J. F., Fisher, S., Harris, M. P., Holmes, G., Hooper, J. E., Jabs, E. W., et al. AJNR Am. Genomic medicine: health care issues and the unresolved ethical and social dilemmas. Am. The shade NW10 is very pale. A population-based cross-sectional study of the association between facial morphology and cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescence. Early growth genetics consortium. January 21, 2022 scottish vs irish facial featurescan gradescope tell if you screenshot. Int. Semin. Human skin pigmentation as an adaptation to UV radiation. et al., 2018) with differential DNA methylation, but contrastingly there is no clear evidence for an association between prenatal alcohol exposure and DNA methylation (Sharp et al., 2018). doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015410, Marazita, M. (2007). 128, 424430. J. Hum. Development 126, 48734884. 67, 261268. A blind accuracy assessment of computer-modeled forensic facial reconstruction using computed tomography data from live subjects. Dent. U.S.A. 114, 1016610171. WebLight eyes and brown and blonde hair is the most common. This association suggests that developmental processes relating to normal-variation in philtrum development are also etiologically relevant to nsCL/P, highlighting the shared genetic influences on normal-range facial variation and a cranio-facial anomaly (Howe et al., 2018a). Maternal alcohol consumption and offspring DNA methylation: findings from six general population-based birth cohorts. doi: 10.1007/s10519-013-9627-5, Morris, A. P., Voight, B. F., Teslovich, T. M., Ferreira, T., Segre, A. V., Steinthorsdottir, V., et al. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have investigated the association between normal facial variation and millions of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). car auctions brisbane airport. doi: 10.1097/SCS.0b013e3181577b1b, Hallgrimsson, B., Mio, W., Marcucio, R. S., and Spritz, R. (2014). Robot 3, 97110. (2017). doi: 10.1002/ajpa.20424. Differences between direct (anthropometric) and indirect (cephalometric) measurements of the skull. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007501, Howe, L. J., Richardson, T. G., Arathimos, R., Alvizi, L., Passos-Bueno, M.-R., Stanier, P., et al. The influence of genetic variation is also evident in non-consanguineous families, where dental and facial characteristics are common among siblings and passed on from parents to their offspring (Hughes et al., 2014). Previous studies have suggested that facial features such as attractiveness (Little et al., 2001; Fink and Penton-Voak, 2002), hair color (Wilde et al., 2014; Adhikari et al., 2016; Field et al., 2016; Hysi et al., 2018), eye color (Little et al., 2003; Wilde et al., 2014; Field et al., 2016) and skin pigmentation (Jablonski and Chaplin, 2000, 2010; Wilde et al., 2014; Field et al., 2016) may influence mate choice and/or have been under historical selection. Genome-wide association study of facial morphology reveals novel associations with FREM1 and PARK2. Analysis of human soft palate morphogenesis supports regional regulation of palatal fusion. Proc. Natl. Previous studies have used DNA methylation in blood as a proxy for methylation in lip and palate tissues. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.05.011, Mitchem, D. G., Purkey, A. M., Grebe, N. M., Carey, G., Garver-Apgar, C. E., Bates, T. C., et al. Three-dimensional assessment of functional change following Class 3 orthognathic correctiona preliminary report. 48, 709717. Most Scottish people have brown hair, Variations of this toast include slinte mhaith "good health" in Irish ( mhaith being the lenited form of maith "good"). Alcohol. Pathol. Scottish sounds very aggressive while the Irish sounds lively. Schizophr. (2016). Those distillation processes might not seem like a big difference, but the effect is pretty pronounced. (2018). The use of ordinal and quantitative measures has been explored reporting good correlation with inter-alae and lower lip distances (r = 0.7) and poor association for naso-labial angle (r = 0.16) (Adhikari et al., 2016). doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0177(199904)214:4<291::AID-AJA2>3.0.CO;2-E, Beaty, T. H., Murray, J. C., Marazita, M. L., Munger, R. G., Ruczinski, I., Hetmanski, J. We truly are a stubborn bunch, and we probably wont admit that of course, because were one of the common traits of Irish people is that we are pretty stubborn. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.02.019, Kau, C. H., and Richmond, S. (2008). J. Phys. Lond. A previous study tested this hypothesis using 3D facial images and genetic variation in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region and found weak evidence to support this (Zaidi et al., 2018). Genet. There is the potential for relationships between medical and facial conditions to be explored using genetic summary data. Int. doi: 10.1006/jhev.2000.0403, Jablonski, N. G., and Chaplin, G. (2010). Craniofac. Oral Radiol. Eur. The handling Editor is currently collaborating with author SR and confirms the absence of any other collaboration. (2010). Age prediction using methylation techniques have indicated a mean absolute deviation of 58 years (Xu et al., 2015; Bocklandt et al., 2011; Hamano et al., 2017). Genetic and facial phenotype data can be used to improve understanding of human history. The gene regulatory systems are complex and numerous and detailing these regulatory mechanisms has been the goal of the NIH Roadmap Epigenomics Project whereby next generation sequencing technologies (e.g., ChiP seq) are employed to map DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin accessibility in a variety of research media such as, animal models (mouse, chicken, zebrafish, frog, and primates) and stem cells and regulated human fetal tissues (Hochheiser et al., 2011; Roosenboom et al., 2016; Van Otterloo et al., 2016). Gene association with regionalized facial features in normal populations. Craniofac. 3. Finite element modelling of maxillofacial surgery and facial expressionsa preliminary study. Aesthetic. J. Forensic Sci. 355, 175182. Genetics 205, 967978. Parsons, T. E., Downey, C. M., Jirik, F. R., Hallgrimsson, B., and Jamniczky, H. A. (2017). Received: 06 July 2018; Accepted: 20 September 2018;Published: 16 October 2018. In addition, the individual facial traits have yielded impressive levels of significance using a relatively small number of subjects (Evans, 2018). 81, 351370. - Improved understanding of historical selection and adaptation relating to facial phenotypes, for example, skin pigmentation and geographical latitude. GWAS may be underestimating and twin and family studies overestimating the levels of heritability. Heritability maps of human face morphology through large-scale automated three-dimensional phenotyping. The athletic heroes were replaced by young Irish men of lean build and medium height. What are Irish people like? (10 common traits doi: 10.1093/ejo/cjv062, Smith, G. D., and Ebrahim, S. (2003). Int. Dis. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162250, Evans, D. M. (2018). A 161a, 412. 42, 17691782. Two-step epigenetic Mendelian randomization: a strategy for establishing the causal role of epigenetic processes in pathways to disease. Low alcohol consumption and pregnancy and childhood outcomes: time to change guidelines indicating apparently safe levels of alcohol during pregnancy? J. Orthod. One of the key differences is that the Prince Charlie has more buttons, as well as silk tails on the back. Sometimes Cherokees have crooked fingers, especially the little fingers. Childbirth 14:127. doi: 10.1186/1471-2393-14-127, Le, T. T., Farkas, L. G., Ngim, R. C., Levin, L. S., and Forrest, C. R. (2002). Human facial shape and size heritability and genetic correlations. Molecular studies have shown that the growth, structure and patternation of the facial primordia is controlled by a series of complex interactions that involves many factors such as fibroblast growth factors, sonic hedgehog proteins, bone morphogenetic proteins, homeobox genes Barx1 and Msx1, the distal-less homeobox (Dlx) genes, and local retinoic acid gradients (Barlow et al., 1999; Hu and Helms, 1999; Lee et al., 2001; Ashique et al., 2002; Mossey et al., 2009; Marcucio et al., 2015; Parsons et al., 2015). doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.01.017, Verdonck, A., Gaethofs, M., Carels, C., and de Zegher, F. (1999). Similarly, the naso-labial angle will be associated with nose prominence and DCHS2 is linked to both traits. Future work could utilize meditation techniques (Tobi et al., 2018) or Mendelian randomization (Relton and Davey Smith, 2012) to formally investigate the possibility that prenatal exposures influence orofacial cleft risk via epigenetic processes. However, previous studies investigating gene-smoking interactions in the etiology of birth defects have produced mixed results (Shi et al., 2008). doi: 10.2174/157015907781695955, Wilde, S., Timpson, A., Kirsanow, K., Kaiser, E., Kayser, M., Unterlnder, M., et al. Am. For example, significantly more women self-report having blonde and red hair while more men as self-report as having black hair (Hysi et al., 2018). With special thanks to Joel. 6. The epithelial precursor periderm is involved in cellular adhesions with associated genes IRF6, IKKA, SFN, RIPK4, CRHL3 all of which are under the transcription control of the transcription factor p63 that influences the fusion process and differentiation of the epidermis (Hammond et al., 2017). Historically, craniofacial genetic research has understandably focused on identifying the causes of craniofacial anomalies and it has only been within the last 10 years, that there has been a drive to detail the biological basis of normal-range facial variation. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004572, Schmidt, E., and Kornfeld, J. W. (2016). The Look of the Irish: - The Washington Post (2015). (2007). Rev. So far, all GWAS studies have studied the static face but capturing the face during simple facial actions in a population (dynamic movement with or without speech) will enable the exploration of combined neurological and morphological features by assessing both speed and range of movement. Jelenkovic, A., Ortega-Alonso, A., Rose, R. J., Kaprio, J., Rebato, E., and Silventoinen, K. (2011). Do Irish people have hooded eyelids? Forensic Sci. (2008). Hum. Roosenboom, J., Hens, G., Mattern, B. C., Shriver, M. D., and Claes, P. (2016). Modifications to chromatin through methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation or other processes are known to influence gene expression. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014821, Boehringer, S., Van Der Lijn, F., Liu, F., Gnther, M., Sinigerova, S., Nowak, S., et al. 42, 525529. Epigenetic processes include DNA methylation, histone modification and chromatin remodeling, which can affect gene expression by regulating transcription (Jaenisch and Bird, 2003; Bird, 2007; Gibney and Nolan, 2010; Allis and Jenuwein, 2016). Theyre both made up of fresh, high-quality ingredients that are combined to create hearty dishes. Prince Charlie is more for formal occasions, while the Argyle is less fancy. Nature 447:396. doi: 10.1038/nature05913, Bocklandt, S., Lin, W., Sehl, M. E., Sanchez, F. J., Sinsheimer, J. S., Horvath, S., et al. Key transcriptional factors (activators or repressors) have been identified indicating extensive activation during early craniofacial development. Identification of individuals by trait prediction using whole-genome sequencing data. 1), 101116. (2012). Genet. Scottish speak the Scots Gaelic language, while Irish speaks the Irish Gaelic. U.S.A. 107(Suppl. The modifiable nature of epigenetic processes has led to much excitement that these processes may mediate the effect of environmental exposures. - Many factors such as ancestry, sex, eye/hair color as well as distinctive facial features (such as, shape of the chin, cheeks, eyes, forehead, lips, and nose) can be identified or estimated using an individuals genetic data, with potential applications in healthcare and forensics. Surg. Cleft lip and palate. Some of these early factors such as nictotine and alcohol may potentially influence on early neurological development (Wickstrm, 2007). (2013). doi: 10.1002/rcs.141. The biologic significance of the divine proportion and Fibonacci series. They tend to have red hair, freckles, lighter complexion, pronounced cheekbones, rounder face, blue eyes & green eyes. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(16)30054-7, Al Ali, A., Richmond, S., Popat, H., Playle, R., Pickles, T., Zhurov, A. I., et al. (2014). Eye width and ear nasion distance and nasion -zygoma eyes distances are linked to C5orf50. 41, 324330. A. Do mens faces really signal heritable immunocompetence? 143, 845854. Genetic determination of human facial morphology: links between cleft-lips and normal variation. Medical Image Understanding and Analysis. However, if the facial shell is reflected on to the opposite side any facial asymmetry will be lost. Genet. Long-range enhancers regulating Myc expression are required for normal facial morphogenesis. Arch. Natl. The facial processes fuse at different times; maxillary 6 weeks, upper lip 8 weeks and palate 12 weeks (ORahilly, 1972; Danescu et al., 2015). vs AJNR Am. Anthropometric measurements of the facial framework in adulthood: age-related changes in eight age categories in 600 healthy white North Americans of European ancestry from 16 to 90 years of age. It is important to note that the strong association between facial morphology and ancestry means that any correlations may be attributable to fine-scale population substructure. (2013). Changes in face topography from supine-to-upright position-And soft tissue correction values for craniofacial identification. Genes are likely to influence more than one facial trait. (2007). J. Epidemiol. 17:487. doi: 10.1038/nrg.2016.59, Alvizi, L., Ke, X., Brito, L. A., Seselgyte, R., Moore, G. E., Stanier, P., et al. TABLE 2. There is no one answer to this question as everyone has their own unique facial features. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.03.129, Wilkinson, C., Rynn, C., Peters, H., Taister, M., Kau, C. H., and Richmond, S. (2006). Epigenetic processes are particularly relevant to craniofacial phenotypes because of the general importance of epigenetic gene regulation during embryonic development (Reik, 2007) and their specific role in neural crest development (Hu et al., 2014). (2017). 47, 291295. Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Belgium, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, United States. There have been nine GWAS studies and it is appropriate to try and integrate their findings through a meta-analysis. 33, 817825. A. Genet. Genet. Detecting genetic association of common human facial morphological variation using high density 3D image registration. The Alpine race is a reduced Upper Palaeolithic survivor; Alpines are as a rule of but medium stature, and lateral in bodily build; their heads of moderate size and globu- lar; their faces characteristically round and their facial features slightly infantile. Res. Ancestry and physical appearance are highly related; it is often possible to infer an individuals recent ancestry based on physically observable features such as facial structure and skin color. What is considered rude in Ireland? Genet. LH and AZ wrote the section Environmental Influences. 80, 359369. Hum. Permutation testing is a valid alternative for more conservative tests such as Bonferroni (Sham and Purcell, 2014). Indeed, modern day Latin Americans have mixed African, European and Native American ancestry, with genetic admixture highly predictive of physical appearance. A number of Scottish people have a wavy texture to their hair. Res. The FaceBase consortium: a comprehensive resource for craniofacial researchers. 2. A., Mattern, B. C., Claes, P., McEcoy, B., Hughes, C., and Shriver, M. D. (2017). J. Ther. J. Hum. Different facial measures have been applied to facial images obtained from a variety of acquisition systems (2D and 3D). doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2013.289, Howe, L. J., Lee, M. K., Sharp, G. C., Smith, G. D., St Pourcain, B., Shaffer, J. R., et al. The US cancer moonshot initiative. BMJ Open. Surg. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddh052, Stephan, C., Norris, R., and Henneberg, M. (2005). Craniofacial enhancers have also been identified acting between the non-coding regions and proposed as a possible instrumental factor in some cleft cases (Wilderman et al., 2018). doi: 10.1136/adc.41.219.454, Tanner, J. M., Whitehouse, R. H., and Takaishi, M. (1966b). Pflugers. 159(Suppl. Presumably because of frequent consanguineous marriages, later Habsburg rulers often had extreme facial phenotypes such as the characteristic Habsburg jaw (mandibular prognathism). doi: 10.1111/1467-8721.00190, Freund, M. K., Burch, K., Shi, H., Mancuso, N., Kichaev, G., Garske, K. M., et al. Feeling a bit down, have a cup of tea. Dev. List of genes and SNPs associated with normal variation ranked by chromosome position (GWAS). 2. doi: 10.1111/joa.12182, Mirghani, H., Osman, N., Dhanasekaran, S., Elbiss, H. M., and Bekdache, G. (2015). BMJ Open 5:e009027. There are many imaging systems available to capture the external facial surface topography such as photography, lasers, photogrammetry, magnetic resonance Imaging (MRI), computerized tomography (CT), and cone beam computerized tomography (CBCT). 17, e178e180. For example, there is evidence that nose shape has been under historical selection in certain climates (Weiner, 1954; Zaidi et al., 2017). Webscottish vs irish facial features. Hoyme, H. E., Kalberg, W. O., Elliott, A. J., Blankenship, J., Buckley, D., Marais, A. S., et al. Similarly, genetic variations associated with normal-range facial differences have been linked to genes involved in Mendelian syndromes such as TBX15 (Cousin syndrome) (Shaffer et al., 2017; Claes et al., 2018), PAX1 (Otofaciocervical syndrome) (Shaffer et al., 2016) and PAX3 (Waardenburg syndrome) (Paternoster et al., 2012). Furthermore, it is unclear whether the epigenetic profile of lip and palate tissues postnatally are comparable to the same tissues during embryonic development. The Scottish Accent Sci. 37, 6271. doi: 10.1002/ajhb.21208, Jelenkovic, A., Poveda, A., Susanne, C., and Rebato, E. (2010). NW is for skin with a pinkish tone, so that's most fair-skinned, typically Irish ladies. doi: 10.1038/nrg2322, Weinberg, S., Naidoo, S., Bardi, K., Brandon, C., Neiswanger, K., Resick, J., et al. scottish vs irish facial features 137(4 Suppl):S56.e1-9; discussion S56-7. During the pubertal growth period (918 years) facial images should be captured more frequently and if studying pubertal influences facial images should be captured at least every 6 months. For the Scottish, they have Prince Charlie and the Argyle designs. A spatially-dense regression study of facial form and tissue depth: towards an interactive tool for craniofacial reconstruction. The pure Anglo Saxon type is Nordic looking like people from Scandinavia. The Celts originated in Asia minor and Iberia and would have absorbed man if you move from Scotland to Ireland Rep. 5:17788. doi: 10.1038/srep17788, Xuan, Z., Zhongpeng, Y., Yanjun, G., Jiaqi, D., Yuchi, Z., Bing, S., et al. In addition, there is evidence of pleiotropy, quantitative phenotypes and Mendelian traits all influencing multiple phenotypes suggesting a large number of loci contribute additively to facial variation. (2012). They just released a fascinating study which aligns many pictures of individuals from every country and created composite images of what the average face would look like. PRDM16 is linked to the length and the prominence of the nose as well as the width of the alae, SOX9 is thought to be related to the shape of the ala and nose tip, variation in SUPT3H is thought to influence naso-labial angle and shape of the bridge of the nose, while centroid size (squared root of the squared distances of all landmarks of the face from the centroid) and allometry (relationship of size to shape) have been linked to PDE8A and SCHIP17 genes, respectively, (Cole et al., 2016). The Argyle has fewer buttons and is suitable for daytime and evening use. BMC Genomics 19:481. doi: 10.1186/s12864-018-4865-9, Chaitanya, L., Breslin, K., Zuniga, S., Wirken, L., Pospiech, E., Kukla-Bartoszek, M., et al.